It was 1941 when a group of anti-fascists, exiled by Mussolini’s regime, wrote the Ventotene Manifesto for a free and united Europe. A revolutionary document, it laid the political and ideological foundations for the future union of European states. Drafted during the darkest period of the Second World War, the Manifesto was based on the belief that only the creation of a supranational federation of European countries could prevent new conflicts from erupting across the continent.
This warning was heeded by statesmen and thinkers who—starting with the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1950—promoted increasingly deeper cooperation among European states, based on respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, and equality.
